Google analytics 4 custom metrics. When your property collects more data than the sampling limit for explorations, Analytics uses a sample of the available data in your explorations. Google analytics 4 custom metrics

 
 When your property collects more data than the sampling limit for explorations, Analytics uses a sample of the available data in your explorationsGoogle analytics 4 custom metrics  If you have a website & a weekly newsletter to your subscriber, you can create a custom dimension “Subscriber” & pass “yes” or “no” values

In the Settings section, click Show all to see all available options. In the Settings section, click Show all to see all available options. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal. Sep 1, 2021 at 2:30. First, follow step 1 and 2 from the first category of custom insights. When it comes to Google Analytics 4 (GA4), custom dimensions and metrics are like the spice in your favorite dish. Get started with reports Data freshness Dimensions & metrics Custom dimensions & metrics Get started with Explorations Measure activity across platforms with User-ID Reporting. Click the event to modify. You can trigger events, for example, when users reach key milestones like initiating a certain number of sessions or reading a certain number of articles, or crossing conversion thresholds. Migrate to Google Analytics 4, and then refer to the Google Analytics 4 properties section of this help center. Sure, Google Analytics 4 has introduced a bunch of new features and customizations you can use to get more actionable data at your fingertips in the built-in reports. Once you reach the Google Analytics homepage, click the gear icon in the lower left corner. Option 2: Add Google Analytics 4 to a site with Universal Analytics (Analytics “classic”) The GA4 Setup Assistant adds a Google Analytics 4 property alongside your existing Universal. Learn how to send custom metrics to Google Analytics 4 and how to later find that data in reports. Number of members, scores, awards, or points) Constants – (e. The type you should choose depends on the type of data you want to analyze. #2 Add to carts – It is the total number of times users added items to their shopping carts. Custom metrics in Google Analytics 4 can be accessed using the Data API v1 custom metrics syntax, which should be used instead of the ga:metricXX metric slots of the Reporting API v4. g. How Analytics attributes credit. Index (also known as a slot) is a number (a positive integer) used to internally identify and differentiate one custom metric from another in Google Analytics. If you see this. We recommend using custom metrics for the following units of measurement: call_duration (time: seconds) engagement_time_msec (time: milliseconds) value; Follow the steps below to create a custom metric in Google Analytics. A custom metric is your chance to view structured data on nearly any parameter. Step-6: Look at the ‘Purchases‘ column of your exploration report. Créer une dimension personnalisée de portée utilisateur. Google Analytics can process 9 dimension and 10 metrics (including custom ones) as part of a single flow run. Conditions can be based on events your users trigger or dimension values they share. Universal Analytics is a new and better version of Google Analytics. Step 3: From the list, select the audience for which you want to edit/delete the audience trigger by clicking on the three vertical dots. There are a number of dimensions that. Over 15 years of experience in digital analytics and marketing. Use the top bar to search for “landing page” and select the option that. Then, click Save. Automate complex reporting tasks to save time. Sam White’s team at Truck Driver Academy argues that “there are so many referral sites providing traffic to the website. Go To Google Analytics. Dans Administration, sous Affichage des données, cliquez sur Définitions personnalisées. Custom dimensions and metrics will help you to meet these requirements. Understand users, sessions, and events. The dimensions. Include non-standard data in your reports. In Google Analytics 4 properties, the pages report looks different, but you can still easily recreate what you are looking for as an. You can't use hyphens in the name, but you can use underscores and spaces instead. Note: we are still waiting for product-scoped custom dimensions and metrics. Next: [GA4] Change and compare date ranges in reports. Step 4: scroll down to “Session source/medium”. Now, let’s walk through creating a blank exploration step-by-step: 1. If you find any value greater than 1, you have got duplicate transactions issue. The reasons for (not set) appearing as a dimension value. With Google Analytics 4, you must create custom dimensions and metrics within the Google Analytics 4 interface to link event parameters to the corresponding custom dimensions or metrics. Click on the ‘+’ sign next to dimensions. In the Custom dimensions tab, click Create custom dimensions. Step 2: Click on ‘ Acquisition ‘. js’ (Global Site Tag) call. Add or remove an item from a shopping cart. The API provides these key features: The API allows you to request not only built-in metrics but also combination of metrics expressed in mathematical operations. Drag & Drop Filters. 30 conversion in GA4 (property) vs 20 goals in UA (view). You can use them. In Admin, under Data display, click Conversions. , audiences, explorations) that use the custom dimension or metric. Step-3: Click on the three dots menu next to the user property (aka user-scoped custom dimension) you want to delete: Step-4: Click on the ‘ Archive ‘ option: Step-5: Click on the ‘Archive’ button: Note. The API provides these key features: The API allows you to request not only built-in metrics but also combination of metrics expressed in mathematical operations. Navigate to Insights » Settings from your dashboard and click on the Conversions tab. Follow these steps to create your custom social media report: Import the following Dimensions: Session source. For information about custom dimensions and metrics in Google Analytics 4, go to Google Analytics metrics and dimensions help you understand your users, optimize your website for conversions, and measure the ROI of your marketing campaigns. Dimensions are attributes of your data. If you're a game developer, metrics like "level completions" or. Navigate to Metrics > Custom Metrics to access the Metric Builder. For example, if a user clicks the "Purchase" button once, then the following metrics are populated in Google Analytics: Item revenue metric has a value of $9. Step 2: Select “Free-form” for your custom report. Google have treated us to an extra 5 custom dimensions (now called dimensions) to play with, as well as 5 new custom metrics. In the Custom dimensions tab, click Create custom dimensions. female), and then drill in for details. g. Custom dimensions and custom metrics are a vital part of GA4 and will influence how you see data within GA4 itself. Click Next and follow the instructions to add the Google Analytics for Firebase SDK to your app. This is not the case in Universal Analytics. 1. In addition to tracking data from individual countries, see how many sessions start in each of your sales regions (such as APLA, EMEA, or North America). While migrating to. Configure your exploration using the options described below. To hide a chart, simply click on the eye. For example, the dimension City indicates the city, for example, "Paris" or "New York", from which a session originates. In the calendar, click the desired start date, then click the end date. Google Analytics 4. Open Reports. Step 3: Click on “+” icon in the. Watch this video to learn how to identify important custom. Registering the custom dimension or metrics in Google Analytics 4 Configuring the GA4 event with the correct custom definition in Google Tag Manager Both of these steps are crucial, and the order in which they are performed matters; if you set up it in GTM, publish container, you won’t be able to access the custom dimension data GA4. There are two types of audiences created by default, ‘All Users’ and ‘Purchasers’. Our aim is to make the world of GA4 accessible and empowering for every marketing leader. This is a required key for GA4 data import. Note: If + NEW GOAL and Import from Gallery are not visible, then you have already created the maximum of 20 goals for. In Configuration Tag, select your Google Analytics 4 Configuration tag. Author of four best-selling books on digital analytics and conversion optimization. In the PROPERTY column, click Custom Definitions > Custom Metrics. Click. Last Updated: October 4, 2023. For example: If you store the gender of signed-in users in a CRM system, you could combine this information with your Analytics data to see Pageviews by gender. Migrate to Google Analytics 4, and then refer to the Google Analytics 4 properties section of this help center. You have the option to create three types of reports: Explorer – This resembles the standard Google Analytics report look and feel. In case you haven’t set up your GA4 property yet, you can use the. Step 1: Click on the ‘Configure’ link. For the marketing team at Predictably, Inc. How to migrate to Google Analytics 4Google Analytics 4 has replaced Universal Analytics. You can view recent events and events that have been collected in the last 30 minutes. There are several ways to check, but in this case I will build a quick custom report. client reporting best practicesbest web analytics tools. Custom dimensions and metrics are set at the property level in an Analytics account. The next step is to click on the red “ Create ” button. Custom dimensions and custom metrics in Universal Analytics are used to add information to collected data. In the row for the custom dimension or metric, click > Archive. A user is defined by Google as “a person who interacts with an app or site whose activities you measure with Google Analytics. Create a user-scoped custom dimension. You can see the values of the ‘utm_source_platform’ key in GA4 through the following dimensions: Source platform. Use the controls to set the second date range. Step-2: Click on the ‘ Explore ‘ link in your GA4. Registering the custom dimension or metrics in Google Analytics 4 Configuring the GA4 event with the correct custom definition in Google Tag Manager Both of these steps are crucial, and the order in which they are performed matters; if you set up it in GTM, publish container, you won’t be able to access the custom dimension data GA4 received. Migrate to Google Analytics 4, and then refer to the Google Analytics 4 properties section of this help center. Website Speed. I will use a free-form report to demonstrate how segments work. Click Create event to display the table of custom events. Em Nome da dimensão, digite um nome exclusivo para a nova dimensão. The dimension Page indicates the URL of a page that is viewed. 4. Looker Studio (formerly known as Google Data Studio) offers a native connector to load data from Google Analytics 4. (Optional) Click +add report tab. Session default channel grouping. Use these demos as a reference for your own. The GA4 average engagement time is calculated as a sum of user engagement durations per active user. You have already set up your web data stream and data is flowing into your Google Analytics property from your website. It can take up to 24 hours before custom metrics are processed in Google Analytics. You will get a screen like the below image. Increase employee happiness: How happy and satisfied your employees are with their jobs. Combine web and app analytics. This article explains each prefix (or scope) and the type of information you can expect to see based on the scope. Click on the ‘+’ sign to select the blank template. When you see the following screen, click on “ Create. Na guia Dimensões personalizadas, clique em Criar dimensões personalizadas. However, when they're sent, they're understood by Analytics and automatically update dimensions, metrics, and reports in Analytics. Note: The ‘Purchases’ metric is similar to the ‘Transactions’ metric of Universal Analytics. Demographics and interests data provides information about the age and gender of your users, along with the interests they express through their online travel and purchasing activities. At the top-right corner, click on the customize report icon. Choose Custom definitions from the Data display menu. Google Analytics automatically enriches your data by bringing Google machine-learning expertise to bear on your dataset to predict the future behavior of your users. Custom dimensions/metrics. . Enter the name of the new event, "generate_lead". In the VIEW column, click Goals. Google Search Console does a MUCH better job at showing SEO metrics like all your keywords, rankings, click-through rates, etc. Navigate to Metrics > Custom Metrics to access the Metric Builder. Metrics are individual measurements of user activity. For a side-by-side comparison of users in UA vs. These metrics can be created using any standard GA4 metrics. In October 2023, Google introduced the added feature of calculated metrics in Google Analytics 4. Precise marketing data points for generating meaningful insights. , audiences, explorations) that use the custom dimension or metric. A segment is a subset of your Analytics data. Custom dimensions and custom metrics are like default dimensions and metrics in your Analytics account, except you create them yourself. Step 1: Navigate to your Google Analytics 4 property and click on the ‘Configure’ link. 89 metrics 212 dimensions. Following are examples of various monetization metrics: #1 Item views – It is the total number of times the item list was viewed. So we have some idea about the calculated metrics now, so let’s look into how to set it up. The metrics in GA4 can be generally grouped into two categories: Default metrics and custom metrics. With its cutting-edge user-centric data model, GA4 delves deep into individual user. Learn more. Now, let’s get into our list of the top metrics you can track with Google Analytics. The difference between the Classic Google Analytics and Universal Analytics can be explained by the following factors: Data collection and integration. The User acquisition report is a pre-made detail report that you can use to get insights into how new users find your website or app for the first time. Within Google Analytics 4, you probably noticed that they don’t provide us with those metrics any longer. Learn more. This is because we have a different definition. Use a reporting platform like DashThis to help you gather these key metrics in a custom report to make it easy for your clients to understand. In fact, it has made the GA4 data pipeline more robust and powerful. Follow the steps below to edit a custom dimension: Step-1: Navigate to your GA4 property view and then click on the ‘Configure’ link: Step-2: Click on ‘Custom Definitions’. Follow the below steps to create a User Lifetime report using predictive metrics. Click Manage custom alerts. Visualization. You can have up to 50 event-scoped custom dimensions and up to 50 event-scoped custom metrics. This example query contains all following Google Analytics custom dimensions and metrics. To create a Google Analytics 4 Event tag for the event, follow these steps: In Google Tag Manager, click Tags > New. Criar uma dimensão personalizada no escopo do item. Explorations gives you access to data and analytical techniques that aren't available in reports. A new "calculated metrics" feature will allow custom combinations of metrics. 0. Let’s embark on this journey together and discover the possibilities. In short, a custom dimension is an attribute or characteristic (of an event, product, user, etc. runReport. For analytics. The new website includes videos, articles, and guided flows, and provides links to the Google Analytics Discord,. The dimensions and metrics are configurable repeated objects passed in the. Once Analytics starts to receive data, the data appears in the Realtime report and then in your other reports shortly after. This happens in Explorations if you try to add the dimension or metric to the exploration. The following are the general syntax for Custom Dimensions. Dans Nom de la dimension, saisissez un nom unique pour cette nouvelle dimension. Fill in the information based on your GTM setup. Using a filtered view, you can consolidate the. For example, you could compare all data generated by Android devices and all data generated by iOS devices. This means dimensions (and custom dimensions) are additional data to add context (an additional dimension) to your reports. Create a user-scoped custom dimension. Percentage of overdue project tasks. Select the check box for the Google Analytics 4 property you want to. In case you haven’t set up your GA4 property yet, you can use the. Choose the Web platform after creating a property. Metrics are quantitative measurements. Open the audience builder. Reports contain statistics derived from data collected by the Google Analytics tracking code. You can use reports to monitor traffic, investigate data, and understand your users and their activity. Keep in mind however there is a limit of 40. Session source platform. Option 1: Set up Analytics data collection for the first time. Creating and Monitoring Custom Metrics. GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Custom Dimensions Tutorial; GA4 User Properties (User Scoped Custom Dimensions) – Tutorial; Event Scoped Custom Dimensions in GA4 – Tutorial #7 GA4 Metrics. You can also have 25. 4. The process is fairly simple: First, go to Customization → Custom Reports. Step 4: Click on ‘Edit’. Beyond dimensions, custom metrics are about counting or quantifying specific data points. Step 4: Now. GA4 provides much more accurate cross-device insight than GA3. Then, select New Custom Report. In the Parameter configuration section, click Add modification. When creating the dimension or metric, you can either select a parameter from the list of already collected fields or enter the name of the parameter you plan. The new website includes videos, articles, and guided flows, and provides links to the. But migrating. Use Explorations to explore your data in depth and answer complex questions about it. Navigate to your view. The Google Analytics Reporting API v4 gives you access to the power of the Google Analytics platform ( Universal Analytics properties only ). This file contains the list of all those web pages which got zero traffic in the last month. Click Admin, and navigate to the view you want. You can add the following parameters to your destination URLs: utm_id: Campaign ID. How to access Custom Metrics and Metric Builder for Google Analytics 4. Explorations gives you access to data and analytical techniques that aren't available in reports. Here are a few benefits of Google Analytics 4 (compared to Universal Analytics) in terms of collection/configuration limits: User sessions (web data stream) can collect an unlimited event number vs 500 per session in UA. Find your custom Google Analytics Goal Completions metric in your metric list by clicking Metrics in the left navigation sidebar. Enter a. They’re particularly useful when the data you want to analyze isn’t available through the predefined dimensions and metrics. Step 2: You will see the various analysis templates. Get started with reports Data freshness Dimensions & metrics Custom dimensions & metrics Get started with Explorations Measure activity across platforms with User-ID Reporting identity Analytics Insights. In the row for the custom dimension or metric, click > Archive. Under Linked accounts, select Analytics, then the specific account. This article is about (not set) in Universal Analytics. We also see how you can use Google Cloud Monitoring to set up alerts to notify you when your metrics aren't where you want them to be. CRM data. Upgrading to the latest and greatest in analytics, Google Analytics 4 (GA4), is an absolute game-changer for users. Google Analytics collects data from your websites and apps to create reports that provide insights into your business. In the the Google Analytics 4 property we see some new metrics that were not available earlier: Engaged sessions. In the 'Dimension' drop-down, select 'Page path and screen class'. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal Analytics. Step 3: Now click on the ‘New audience’ button. Upgrading to the latest and greatest in analytics, Google Analytics 4 (GA4), is an absolute game-changer for users. You can also start with the Blank template to create a free form report, but the free form template preloads some of the data options. Another way to build a comparison is by clicking on the ‘Customize report’ option available at the top right corner. Ability to create your own custom metrics and dimensions. I have written two articles on these topics I recommend to check out. Step 2: Now click on ‘Audiences’. GA4 makes it easy to set up tracking for specific events. For example, of your entire set of users, one segment might be users from a particular country or city. Demos. Click Add modification. Step 1: Create a new dashboard. Some traffic-source dimensions include the prefix "First user" (as in ) or "Session'' (as in ) to provide more attribution information. This can delay updates to reports and metrics for up to two days. Easier integration with the real-time API. Make it easier with AgencyAnalytics on the front end with our no-code client reporting software. In Dimension name, enter a unique name for the new dimension. The Google Analytics Reporting API v4 gives you access to the power of the Google Analytics platform ( Universal Analytics properties only ). In Admin, under Data display, click Custom definitions. Custom metric; Custom user parameter; Custom dimension . This article describes the dimensions and. Get the FREE e-book on Google Analytics 4 – GA4 (142 Pages) Download the FREE ebook. The report differs from the Traffic acquisition report, which focuses on where new sessions came from, regardless of whether the user is new or. Our team struggles with Google’s limited custom dimensions and metrics. 31*Revenue for currency conversion from USD to EUR)In short, a custom dimension is an attribute or characteristic (of an event, product, user, etc. You can export all of your raw events from Google Analytics 4 properties (including subproperties and roll-up properties) to BigQuery, and then use an SQL-like syntax to query that data. Bounce rate. Solving this requires more. Bardwell summarizes: “These are all valuable insights you can use to understand how effectively you are targeting, engaging, and converting your ideal personas. Add a fixed value of “1” to let the metric increment with one with each hit / event send to Google Analytics. If you are tracking both web and app data in your GA4 property, be sure to take the additional app traffic into consideration when comparing pageview metrics between the two. For example, an Item margin metric could be created using the Item price standard metric and the Item COGS custom metric. Creating either a custom dimension or metric is a two step process. In the context of GA4, a custom metric is an event parameter. For example: If you store the gender of signed-in users in a CRM system, you could combine this information with your Analytics data to see Pageviews by gender. Learn more here. However, you need to watch out for two other popular User metrics that may seem similar: . Pull 463 metrics and 618 dimensions directly from the GA4 API. When creating the dimension or metric, you can either select a parameter from the list of already collected fields or enter the name of the. Next, you will need to select a data range for your query. W hen I first started querying Google Analytics data in BigQuery, I had a hard time interpreting the ‘raw’ hit-level data hiding in the ga_sessions_ export tables. In the. The number of sessions that lasted longer than 10 seconds, or had a conversion event, or had 2 or more screen or page views. You can manage access and data restrictions at the account and property levels. It tells GA4 when and where to track the dimension or metric. From here you can set up and add you custom google analytic metrics and google analytic dimensions along with the desired scope: Custom Dimensions in Google Analytics. Consolidate countries into sales regions. Step-7: Once you have discovered duplicate transactions, download this. You’ll also notice that you can configure custom metrics in your GA4 property, so let’s just clarify the difference, even though. Here is how you can do it: Step 1: Log in to your Data Studio Account. 1. Customer Behavior Report. GA4 has a three-step process for setting up custom dimensions: 1. The new version of Google Analytics still allows you to create custom definitions (and custom metrics remain relatively unchanged), but you cannot create. If you don’t feel like creating your custom dashboards, you can import one from a wide range of Google Analytics dashboard templates. You can import custom dimensions and metrics from Google Analytics into Amazon S3. This number is important because it can tell you a lot about your user journey on your webpage. The course will also demonstrate more advanced analysis techniques using. This is a required key for GA4 data import. In the Parameter field, enter currency. Enter a Title. Overview. Google Analytics is removing four attribution models in October 2023. This custom metric will allow you to measure and analyse the average level of player progression,. In the Custom dimensions tab, click Create custom dimensions. Select a web data stream. Click Setup Assistant in the Property column, then navigate to Import existing goals from your connected Universal Analytics property and click Get started. Click on “Custom dimensions” and then “Create custom dimensions”. The default reports in Google Analytics help you monitor your key business metrics. Then select the ‘Google Analytics | GA4 | Page Load Time’ tag. Google Analytics uses data from events to create reports with information about your business. You can set up custom insights based on metrics, segments, evaluation frequency, and more. 1. This is the most common use case as it simplifies the process of getting a full funnel view of what’s happening on your site and apps. Click Create custom metrics. As a result, iOS-related metrics may be significantly higher in your Google Analytics 4 reports. Go to Explore and select a Blank exploration. Introducing calculated metrics in Google Analytics 4. Before you begin You must be an editor or administrator to customize the metrics in a detail report. Google Analytics provides event-scoped and item-scoped metrics to help you measure interactions with products or services on your website or app. Automated insights detect anomalies and surface emerging trends in your data. If you choose Google Analytics, you can only specify JSON as the data format for the Amazon S3 destination file. Scope: User-Level. On the next screen, you will see the. To see data from custom parameters, you need to configure custom dimensions and metrics and then add them to the report. Here are a few benefits of Google Analytics 4 (compared to Universal Analytics) in terms of collection/configuration limits: User sessions (web data stream) can collect an unlimited event number vs 500 per session in UA. Under the 'PRIMARY DIMENSIONS' header, you can manage the metrics in the table header. Select the Free Form Exploration Template. Create your own calculated fields. Prerequisites You must be an Administrator or Editor to create a calculated metric. Where Analytics gets the data. Advertising Cost vs Revenue. Note: Item-scoped and event-scoped dimensions and metrics are incompatible with one another. 3-4 years ago I hardly used them. Follow the steps below to create a landing pages report in GA4 via the exploration report template: Step-1: Login to your GA4 account and then click on the ‘ Explore ‘ tab: Step-2: Click on the ‘Blank ‘ report template: Step-3: Rename your report to ‘ Landing Pages ‘:To create a new custom metric in Google Analytics 4, go to your GA4 property view and navigate to Custom Definitions. See the following resources for similar information related to Google Analytics 4: For information about how goals in Universal Analytics relate to conversions in Google Analytics 4, go to [UA→GA4] Conversions in Google Analytics 4. Google Analytics collects and processes data in a very specific way. (Google explains how in the example at the end of this page. Get clear on the events you want to track. csv) in excel. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. To assign roles and data restrictions: In Admin, under Account or Property, click Account access management or Property access management. In Google Analytics 4, custom dimensions are user-defined measures that let you track and look at specific data points about your website or app. Universal Analytics versus Google Analytics 4 data How to check property type About connected site tags Make the switch to Google Analytics 4. We built MonsterInsights to be the Google Analytics plugin that we wish we had. CRM data. However, sometimes you may need to access all of the data for a particular set of metrics and dimensions. On top, where it says Untitled audience, is where you enter the name of your audience. Now a day doesn’t go by when I’m not implementing or analyzing a report in search of insights based on custom metrics. Step 2: Now click on ‘Audiences’. A new "calculated metrics" feature will. In this article: Introducing calculated metrics in Google Analytics 4. Migrate goals. Try the Analytics demo account. Index (also known as a slot) is a number (a positive integer) used to internally identify and differentiate one custom metric from another in Google Analytics. The selected days are highlighted. Click New conversion event. Add utm parameters to URL. Types of custom dimensions and metrics. Step 2: Mark the event as a conversion. If you see the message: “This is your GA4 property. The Google Analytics demo account is a fully functional Google Analytics account that any Google user can access. a new resource to help you get the most out of Google Analytics 4. Once you’ve loaded a page using Google Tag Assistant (aka preview mode), select the ‘Window Loaded’ data layer event on the left. In this example, I am selecting the ‘Report Snaphot’ tab. A Custom Funnel consists of one or more "stages. The script will attempt to archive the selected custom metrics. Custom dimensions and metrics. OR. In the Create Dashboard dialog, select either Blank Canvas (no widgets) or Starter Dashboard (default set of widgets). Universal Analytics measures screenviews in separate mobile-specific properties, whereas GA4 combines both web and app data in the same property. Your Custom Report is complete. Get started with reports Data freshness Dimensions & metrics Custom dimensions & metrics Get started with Explorations Measure activity across platforms with User-ID Reporting. In these cases. Google has announced an expansion of ecommerce measurement capabilities in Google Analytics 4 (GA4).